Here's the story of how a guy making $66,000 a year lost $7.2 billion for one of Europe's biggest banks
Reuters/Philippe WojazerFormer Societe Generale junior trader Jerome Kerviel poses in a hotel in the Paris suburb of Neuilly during an exclusive photo session.
It’s not a normal – or low risk – trading practice to amass a securities position that’s nearly five times the total economic output of Cambodia… or 1.5 times the market capitalization of the major global bank you’re working for. It’s even less normal if the bank you’re working for has no clue about what you’re doing.
Jerome Kerviel was a junior level derivatives trader earning US$66,000 per year at Societe Generale, one of Europe’s largest banks. By January 9, 2008, he had amassed a stock index futures position of US$73 billion. The way he did so ended up costing Societe Generale (SocGen) US$7.2 billion – six times what Nick Leeson lost for Barings.
Derivatives are investment instruments that derive their value from an underlying asset, like a stock, a market index, the price of oil and so forth. There are different kinds of derivatives like futures, options, forwards and swaps that track the underlying asset in different ways.
Kerviel had dug himself a hole by buying 30 billion euros’ worth of Eurostoxx pan-European stock index futures contracts, 18 billion euros of Germany’s DAX futures and 2 billion euros of London’s FTSE futures. These contracts expired over the following 1 to 3 months. Futures are derivatives used to essentially bet on the future price of a stock index. Kerviel bought them in the hope these markets would go up over the following months.
Kerviel’s job was to profit when two securities that should have the same price temporarily don’t have the same price – which is called arbitrage. The idea is to buy the cheaper security, sell the more expensive one, and then wait for their prices to converge.
For example, if the stock price for Coca-Cola is trading at US$45 on the New York Stock Exchange, but the equivalent of US$44.90 on the London Stock Exchange, an arbitrage trader would be short Coca-Cola in New York (to profit when the price goes down), and buy it, or go long, in London (to profit when the price rises.) Then when the prices converge, with one going higher, the other lower, he makes money.
Kerviel bought Euro stock market futures hoping they would go up. Normally, he would have offset these bets by, for instance, shorting U.S. stock index futures (to profit if markets go down). In this way, if European stocks suddenly fell, the short U.S. stock futures – which tend to move in the same direction as European stock futures – would make money, offsetting the loss.
Reuters/Benoit TessierPeople walk towards the entrance to the headquarters of French bank Societe Generale in La Defense, outside Paris.
Because the price difference between similar securities may be small (in the Coca-Cola example, the 10- cent difference is an enormous spread for arbitrage traders), it’s normal for arbitrage traders to buy huge positions, and use leverage, or borrowed money, to make them even larger. That way they can make big profits even if the difference in price is tiny.
However, in the months leading up to January 9, 2008, Kerviel had learned how to hack SocGen’s risk surveillance system and was only doing one half of the arbitrage trade. In other words, Kerviel had been taking, say, long positions and offsetting them with short positions that didn’t exist.
By manipulating the bank’s software, he was making risky one-sided bets when his firm thought he was making lower-risk arbitrage trades. Kerviel reportedly made nearly US$2 billion in profits in 2007 by making these kinds of unauthorized trades.
Astoundingly, it was later discovered by SocGen that the massive trade Kerviel entered in early January 2008 was actually an attempt by Kerviel to lose money. (It worked extremely well.) He believed the previous year’s US$2 billion in unauthorised bank profits was about to be discovered. He feared he might lose his job, and was trying to generate losses to mask his fraud.
This may explain why Kerviel was betting on markets going higher, despite the fact that the subprime mortgage crisis was just beginning. Global markets were looking wobbly and astute traders were going short, or betting on markets going down – the opposite of what Kerviel was doing.
The first indication that something was wrong at SocGen came in the afternoon of Friday January 18, when a compliance officer discovered that a trade had exceeded the bank’s risk threshold. When he checked with a brokerage that had supposedly executed an offsetting trade, he learned that no such trade existed.
In the last hour of trading on January 18, the price of SocGen stock plunged 8 percent. News sources reported that speculation of impending huge write-downs at the bank was the cause of the decline. Apparently, word of Kerviel’s huge bet had leaked out.
Carl Court / Getty Images
As the extent of the fraud became apparent to banking officials over that weekend, Kerviel was fired. However, bank executives still had to deal with the US$73 billion worth of long futures, which at that point had already lost the bank US$1.4 billion.
Indications were that Monday’s stock market was going to experience more weakness – no doubt made worse by the rumors that SocGen was in trouble. Bank executives were faced with a choice: Let the unauthorised trades run their course and hope the stock market would eventually rally, or close the positions immediately to avoid losing even more money.
After a difficult debate, with the future of the bank possibly at stake, bank officials decided to sell the positions as quickly as possible. FromJanuary 21 to 23, SocGen “unwound” the futures contracts purchased by Kerviel, selling them into the market. Selling US$73 billion worth of futures in that short period of time drove prices of the futures even lower – making the bank’s losses worse.
When the last of the unauthorised positions was sold, and the dust had settled, Jerome Kerviel had lost SocGen US$7.2 billion, making him the worst rogue trader in history, at least in terms of money lost.
In the months and years that followed, the question was asked over and over again: How could a junior trader, with human supervision, not to mention computer surveillance, hide such massive trades?
Part of the answer lies in Kerviel’s knowledge of the bank’s back office operations. Like Nick Leeson, he used his deep knowledge of his employer’s risk monitoring systems to hide his unauthorised trades.
Kerviel was able to circumvent the firm’s computerized fraud detection system, and create a web of fake trading accounts – right under the noses of his supervisors. Years after the fraud, it was discovered that managers missed over 1000 fraudulent trades by Kerviel.
Like Leeson and Liu Qibing, Kerviel had also earned a reputation as a hotshot money-maker. On several instances, including the 9/11 terrorist attacks and the London bombings in 2005, Kerviel had earned SocGen colossal gains. His reputation as a rising star among the 100 or so traders on the bank’s trading floor was well known.
According to Kerviel, his superiors ignored the growing size of his trading positions, and would come to him and say: “Hey, cash machine, how much did you earn today?” SocGen was inclined to let their star trader break the rules, as long as the profits were flowing.
As we’ve discussed, it’s very difficult to distinguish between investing genius and dumb luck. Like most rogue traders in the years before their blow-ups, both Kerviel and his supervisors had become overconfident of the trader’s abilities. As with the other rogue traders, this overconfidence led to disaster when the traders’ “genius” was exposed as anything but.
However, while Kerviel shared many traits with other rogue traders, he was different in one respect: Unlike Leeson and Qibing, who used fraud to make themselves rich, Kerviel wasn’t going to make a lot of extra money from his fraud. Other than a moderate bonus, if he made the bank a billion dollars, he wouldn’t share in the windfall.
So the motivation wasn’t greed. What was it then? We’ll continue Kerviel’s story on Monday.
Read the original article on Truewealth Publishing. Sign up here to receive the Truewealth Asian Investment Daily, a free daily e-letter that will help you make better investment decisions, through independent and actionable insight on investing, finance and economics, in Asia and the world. Copyright 2016. Follow Truewealth Publishing on Twitter.
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