This is part of a series on the Global Goals for Sustainable Development, in collaboration with the Stockholm Resilience Centre. This article focuses on goal 10 – Reduce inequality within and among countries
In 2014, Credit Suisse published a new Global Wealth Report that estimated the net worth – both financial and “real” assets like housing – for all the world’s adults. According to the report, the richest 0.7% of adults globally – individuals holding over $1 million in wealth – held about 44% of global net worth. In 2008, the United Nations University (UNU) and the World Institute for Development Economic Research (WIDER) estimated that the Gini coefficient for global wealth inequalities, an index ranging from 0 (complete equality) to 1 (total inequality), was at 0.89. Put another way, this is the value you’d obtain in a population of 10 people if one person had $1,000 and the other nine had only $1.
Inequality emerged as a central issue for the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) because of the growing body of evidence that inequalities in income and wealth cause economic instability, a range of health and social problems, and create a roadblock to the adoption of pro-environment strategies and behaviour. Social and economic inequalities tear the social fabric, undermine social cohesion, contribute to environmental problems and prevent nations, communities and individuals from flourishing.
It is hardly surprising then that the countries most likely to meet the 17 SGDs first are Sweden, Norway, Denmark and Finland, according to a report published last week. The Nordics have the highest levels of equality in the world.
Five reasons why we need more equality
Life expectancy is shorter and mortality rates are higher in more unequal societies – this applies to both the poor and, perhaps surprisingly, also to the rich in these societies. Rates of infant mortality, mental illness and obesity are also two to four times higher. In more unequal developing and developed countries, HIV infectionprevalence rates are higher.
Levels of social cohesion, including trust and social capital, are lower in more unequal societies. Indicators of women’s status and equality also tend to be worse. More unequal societies have more property crime and violence, especially homicides.
- Human capital development:
Scores on the UNICEF index of child well-being are significantly worse in unequal countries and decline as inequality rises. Maths and literacy scores are also lower and more young people drop out of education, employment and training, and moreteenage girls become mothers. Social mobility is restricted by inequality – equality of opportunity is increased by greater equality of outcomes. More equal countries tend to have higher rates of innovation, probably because of greater social mobility.
- Economic progress and stability
Poverty reduction is compromised by income inequality. The International Monetary Fund states that reducing inequality and bolstering longer-term economic growth may be “two sides of the same coin”. In rich and poor countries, inequality is strongly correlated with shorter spells of economic expansion and less growth over time. Inequality is associated with more frequent and more severe boom-and-bust cycles that make economies more volatile and vulnerable to crisis.
- Sustainable economies
Inequality drives status competition, which drives personal debt and consumerism. More equal societies promote the common good – they recycle more, spend more on foreign aid, score higher on the Global Peace Index. Business leaders in more equal countries rate international environmental agreements more highly. Inequities between countries are impairing cooperation between nations and the development of international environmental agreements on climate change.
For real improvements in worldwide population well-being we need more equal societies, which are best achieved by putting democracy at the heart of economic policy and practice. Alongside international and national efforts to create progressive tax regimes and deal with tax avoidance and tax havens, the extension of democracy into economic institutions can have a major impact in reducing inequality. There are a number of simple, feasible measures that nations can take to grow equality alongside economic democracy.
Here are six ways to reduce inequality through economic democracy:
- Require, by law, that all but the smallest companies have employee representatives on company boards and remuneration committees. The proportion of employees on these bodies should be higher in companies with large numbers of employees.
- The proportion of employee representatives on company boards and remuneration committees should be set to increase over time, moving eventually to majority control and beyond. This could be achieved by requiring that a small proportion of shares be transferred each year to employee-controlled trusts.
- Before making either of these a legal requirement, conformity with provisions such as these could be made a condition of gaining public sector contracts or lower business tax rates.
- A major obstacle to developing the democratic sector (cooperatives, social enterprises, mutuals, employee ownership and share ownership business models) is the lack of knowledge of possible models among professional legal and financial advisers. Governments should promote straightforward routes to employee ownership and establish the necessary legislative support. Governments should also provide a training and advice service on how to set up employee-owned and cooperative companies.
- A government should work out a complete package of measures to grow the democratic sector, complete with tax incentives, sources of advice and support, ready-made rules of governance and sources of finance.
- The constitutions of employee-owned and cooperative business should in all cases be designed to prevent employees selling their companies back to external shareholders.
For more see: The Equality Trust, the Alliance for Sustainability and Prosperity, watch Richard Wilkinson’s TED talk on how economic inequality harms society
Authors: Kate Pickett, Professor of Epidemiology, Department of Health Sciences, University of York; Richard Wilkinson, Professor Emeritus, University of Nottingham; Roberto de Vogli, Associate Professor in Social Determinants of Global Health, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California Davis (UCD)
Guest editor of this series is Owen Gaffney, Director, International Media and Strategy, Stockholm Resilience Centre and Future Earth
Image: A man uses an automated teller machine next to a woman begging for money on the street in the Georgian capital Tbilisi, June 20, 2012. REUTERS/David Mdzinarishvili
